Pricing decisions for closed-loop supply chains with technology licensing and carbon constraint under reward-penalty mechanism

This paper investigates the effect of reward-penalty mechanism in a closed-loop supply chain with manufacturer, distributor and third party under technology licensing carbon constraints. There remanufacturing scenarios are developed, namely (1) manufacturer is engaged activities, (2) subcontracts to conduct remanufacturing, (3) undertakes manufacturer's authorization. We apply Stackelberg game derive equilibrium strategies each scenario without mechanism. find that, implementation profitable activities. If producing remanufactured products doesn't effectively reduce emissions, members have no incentive undertake collecting The prefers license other remanufacture because more cost savings from rewards government can achieve distributor-remanufacturing third-party scenarios.